Kemik Erimesi Nedir?

2. Melton LJ, 3rd, Atkinson EJ, O'Connor MK, et al. (1998) Bone density and fracture risk in men. J Bone Miner Res 13:1915.
3. Melton LJ, 3rd, Chrischilles EA, Cooper C, et al. (1992) Perspective. How many women have osteoporosis? J Bone Miner Res 7:1005.
4. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. (2000) Long-term risk of osteoporotic fracture in Malmo. Osteoporos Int 11:669.
32. Cummings SR, Black DM and Rubin SM (1989) Lifetime risks of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 149:2445.

Bunları biliyor musunuz?

1. EFFO and NOF (1997) Who are candidates for prevention and treatment for osteoporosis? Osteoporos Int 7:1.
5. Randell A, Sambrook PN, Nguyen TV, et al. (1995) Direct clinical and welfare costs of osteoporotic fractures in elderly men and women. Osteoporos Int 5:427.
6. Owen RA, Melton LJ, 3rd, Johnson KA, et al. (1982) Incidence of Colles' fracture in a North American community. Am J Public Health 72:605.
7. Melton LJ, 3rd, Crowson CS and O'Fallon WM (1999) Fracture incidence in Olmsted County, Minnesota: comparison of urban with rural rates and changes in urban rates over time. Osteoporos Int 9:29.
8. Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PB, et al. (2000) Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 15:721.
9. Gullberg B, Johnell O and Kanis JA (1997) World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 7:407.
13. Kanis JA, Delmas P, Burckhardt P, et al. (1997) Guidelines for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. The European Foundation for Osteoporosis and Bone Disease. Osteoporos Int 7:390.
14. IOF (2000) How fragile is her future?
15. Seeman E (1995) The dilemma of osteoporosis in men. Am J Med 98:76S.
16. Center JR, Nguyen TV, Schneider D, et al. (1999) Mortality after all major types of osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study. Lancet 353:878.
17. Merrill RM, Weed DL and Feuer EJ (1997) The lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer in white and black men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:763.
18. Adachi JD, Loannidis G, Berger C, et al. (2001) The influence of osteoporotic fractures on health-related quality of life in community-dwelling men and women across Canada. Osteoporos Int 12:903.
19. Hasserius R, Karlsson MK, Nilsson BE, et al. (2003) Prevalent vertebral deformities predict increased mortality and increased fracture rate in both men and women: a 10-year population-based study of 598 individuals from the Swedish cohort in the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int 14:61.
20. Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, et al. (2003) The components of excess mortality after hip fracture. Bone 32:468.
21. Trombetti A, Herrmann F, Hoffmeyer P, et al. (2002) Survival and potential years of life lost after hip fracture in men and age-matched women. Osteoporos Int 13:731.
22. Haentjens P, Johnell O, Kanis JA, et al. (2004) Evidence from data searches and life-table analyses for gender-related differences in absolute risk of hip fracture after Colles' or spine fracture: Colles' fracture as an early and sensitive marker of skeletal fragility in white men. J Bone Miner Res 19:1933.
23. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. (2004) Epidemiology of osteoporosis and fracture in men. Calcif Tissue Int 75:90.
24. Eastell R, Boyle IT, Compston J, et al. (1998) Management of male osteoporosis: report of the UK Consensus Group. Qjm 91:71.
25. Jordan KM and Cooper C (2002) Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 16:795.
26. Cooper C, Campion G and Melton LJ, 3rd (1992) Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection. Osteoporos Int 2:285.
27. Keene GS, Parker MJ and Pryor GA (1993) Mortality and morbidity after hip fractures. BMJ 307:1248.
28. Autier P, Haentjens P, Bentin J, et al. (2000) Costs induced by hip fractures: a prospective controlled study in Belgium. Belgian Hip Fracture Study Group. Osteoporos Int 11:373.
29. Cree M, Soskolne CL, Belseck E, et al. (2000) Mortality and institutionalization following hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:283.
30. Kiebzak GM, Beinart GA, Perser K, et al. (2002) Undertreatment of osteoporosis in men with hip fracture. Arch Intern Med 162:2217.
31. Reginster JY, Gillet P, Ben Sedrine W, et al. (1999) Direct costs of hip fractures in patients over 60 years of age in Belgium. Pharmacoeconomics 15:507.
33. Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Jacobsen SJ, et al. (1993) Population-based study of survival after osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol 137:1001.
34. Leibson CL, Tosteson AN, Gabriel SE, et al. (2002) Mortality, disability, and nursing home use for persons with and without hip fracture: a population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:1644.
35. Magaziner J, Lydick E, Hawkes W, et al. (1997) Excess mortality attributable to hip fracture in white women aged 70 years and older. Am J Public Health 87:1630.
36. Magaziner J, Simonsick EM, Kashner TM, et al. (1990) Predictors of functional recovery one year following hospital discharge for hip fracture: a prospective study. J Gerontol 45:M101.
37. Riggs BL and Melton LJ, 3rd (1995) The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone 17:505S.
38. Kannus P, Parkkari J, Niemi S and Palvanen M (1996) Epidemiology of osteoporotic ankle fractures in elderly persons in Finland. Ann Intern Med 125:975.
39. Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, et al. (2002) International variations in hip fracture probabilities: implications for risk assessment. J Bone Miner Res 17:1237.
40. Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. (2001) Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA 285:320.
41. Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS and Wasnich RD (1991) Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med 114:919.
42. Black DM, Arden NK, Palermo L, et al. (1999) Prevalent vertebral deformities predict hip fractures and new vertebral deformities but not wrist fractures. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res 14:821.
43. Kaptoge S, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D, et al. (2004) When should the doctor order a spine X-ray? Identifying vertebral fractures for osteoporosis care: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). J Bone Miner Res 19:1982.
44. Nevitt MC, Ettinger B, Black DM, et al. (1998) The association of radiographically detected vertebral fractures with back pain and function: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 128:793.
45. Lips P, Cooper C, Agnusdei D, et al. (1999) Quality of life in patients with vertebral fractures: validation of the Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis (QUALEFFO). Working Party for Quality of Life of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 10:150.
46. Pluijm SM, Dik MG, Jonker C, et al. (2002) Effects of gender and age on the association of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 with bone mineral density, bone turnover and the risk of fractures in older people. Osteoporos Int 13:701.
47. Gold DT (2001) The nonskeletal consequences of osteoporotic fractures. Psychologic and social outcomes. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 27:255.
48. Robbins J, Hirsch C, Whitmer R, et al. (2001) The association of bone mineral density and depression in an older population. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:732.
49. Lyles KW (2001) Osteoporosis and depression: shedding more light upon a complex relationship. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:827.
50. Tosteson AN, Gabriel SE, Grove MR, et al. (2001) Impact of hip and vertebral fractures on quality-adjusted life years. Osteoporos Int 12:1042.
51. Hall SE, Criddle RA, Comito TL and Prince RL (1999) A case-control study of quality of life and functional impairment in women with long-standing vertebral osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 9:508.
52. Adachi JD, Ioannidis G, Olszynski WP, et al. (2002) The impact of incident vertebral and non-vertebral fractures on health related quality of life in postmenopausal women. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 3:11.
53. Johnell O, Oden A, Caulin F and Kanis JA (2001) Acute and long-term increase in fracture risk after hospitalization for vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 12:207.
54. Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM and Melton LJ, 3rd (1992) Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1985-1989. J Bone Miner Res 7:221.
55. Delmas PD, van de Langerijt L, Watts NB, et al. (2005) Underdiagnosis of vertebral fractures is a worldwide problem: the IMPACT study. J Bone Miner Res 20:557.
56. O'Neill TW, Felsenberg D, Varlow J, et al. (1996) The prevalence of vertebral deformity in european men and women: the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 11:1010.
57. Davies KM, Stegman MR, Heaney RP and Recker RR (1996) Prevalence and severity of vertebral fracture: the Saunders County Bone Quality Study. Osteoporos Int 6:160.
58. Siris ES, Chen YT, Abbott TA, et al. (2004) Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch Intern Med 164:1108.
59. Wainwright SA, Marshall LM, Ensrud KE, et al. (2005) Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2787.
60. Pocock NA, Eisman JA, Hopper JL, et al. (1987) Genetic determinants of bone mass in adults. A twin study. J Clin Invest 80:706.
61. Seeman E, Hopper JL, Bach LA, et al. (1989) Reduced bone mass in daughters of women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 320:554.
62. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. (2004) A family history of fracture and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Bone 35:1029.
70. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Johnell O, et al. (2005) Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporos Int 16:737.
72. Reid IR (1997) Glucocorticoid osteoporosis--mechanisms and management. Eur J Endocrinol 137:209.
73. Adachi JD (1997) Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Am J Med Sci 313:41.
78. Warren MP (1999) Health issues for women athletes: exercise-induced amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1892.
79. Tinetti ME (2003) Clinical practice. Preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med 348:42.
80. Nevitt MC, Cummings SR and Hudes ES (1991) Risk factors for injurious falls: a prospective study. J Gerontol 46:M164.
81. Dargent-Molina P, Favier F, Grandjean H, et al. (1996) Fall-related factors and risk of hip fracture: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet 348:145.
82. Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, et al. (1995) Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med 332:767.
83. Glick NR, Fischer MH, Heisey DM, et al. (2005) Epidemiology of fractures in people with severe and profound developmental disabilities. Osteoporos Int 16:389.
84. Delmas PD, Rizzoli R, Cooper C and Reginster JY (2005) Treatment of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis is worthwhile. The position of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 16:1.
85. Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, Zethraeus N, et al. (2005) Intervention thresholds for osteoporosis in the UK. Bone 36:22.
86. Lindsay R, Burge RT and Strauss DM (2005) One year outcomes and costs following a vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 16:78.
87. Lindsay R, Pack S and Li Z (2005) Longitudinal progression of fracture prevalence through a population of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 16:306.
88. Freedman KB, Kaplan FS, Bilker WB, et al. (2000) Treatment of osteoporosis: are physicians missing an opportunity? J Bone Joint Surg Am 82-A:1063.
89. Siris ES, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, et al. (2001) Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. JAMA 286:2815.
90. Nguyen TV, Center JR and Eisman JA (2004) Osteoporosis: underrated, underdiagnosed and undertreated. Med J Aust 180:S18.
97. Gregg EW, Cauley JA, Seeley DG, et al. (1998) Physical activity and osteoporotic fracture risk in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med 129:81.
98. Feskanich D, Willett W and Colditz G (2002) Walking and leisure-time activity and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. JAMA 288:2300.
99. Brooke-Wavell K, Jones PR, Hardman AE, et al. (2001) Commencing, continuing and stopping brisk walking: effects on bone mineral density, quantitative ultrasound of bone and markers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 12:581.
100. Bonaiuti D, Shea B, Iovine R, et al. (2002) Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000333.
101. Karlsson M (2004) Has exercise an antifracture efficacy in women? Scand J Med Sci Sports 14:2.
102. Province MA, Hadley EC, Hornbrook MC, et al. (1995) The effects of exercise on falls in elderly patients. A preplanned meta-analysis of the FICSIT Trials. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. JAMA 273:1341.
103. Carter ND, Kannus P and Khan KM (2001) Exercise in the prevention of falls in older people: a systematic literature review examining the rationale and the evidence. Sports Med 31:427.
104. Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Gardner MM and Devlin N (2002) Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta-analysis of individual-level data. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:905.
108. Itoi E and Sinaki M (1994) Effect of back-strengthening exercise on posture in healthy women 49 to 65 years of age. Mayo Clin Proc 69:1054.
109. Sinaki M and Lynn SG (2002) Reducing the risk of falls through proprioceptive dynamic posture training in osteoporotic women with kyphotic posturing: a randomized pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:241.
110. Sinaki M, Itoi E, Wahner HW, et al. (2002) Stronger back muscles reduce the incidence of vertebral fractures: a prospective 10 year follow-up of postmenopausal women. Bone 30:836.
111. Sinaki M (2003) Critical appraisal of physical rehabilitation measures after osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 14:773.
112. Preisinger E, Alacamlioglu Y, Pils K, et al. (1995) Therapeutic exercise in the prevention of bone loss. A controlled trial with women after menopause. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 74:120.
113. Hartard M, Haber P, Ilieva D, et al. (1996) Systematic strength training as a model of therapeutic intervention. A controlled trial in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 75:21.
114. Kemmler W, Lauber D, Weineck J, et al. (2004) Benefits of 2 years of intense exercise on bone density, physical fitness, and blood lipids in early postmenopausal osteopenic women: results of the Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study (EFOPS). Arch Intern Med 164:1084.
115. Chan K, Qin L, Lau M, et al. (2004) A randomized, prospective study of the effects of Tai Chi Chun exercise on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:717.
116. Hauer K, Specht N, Schuler M, et al. (2002) Intensive physical training in geriatric patients after severe falls and hip surgery. Age Ageing 31:49.
120. Specker B and Binkley T (2003) Randomized trial of physical activity and calcium supplementation on bone mineral content in 3- to 5-year-old children. J Bone Miner Res 18:885.
125. New SA (2004) Do vegetarians have a normal bone mass? Osteoporos Int 15:679.
126. Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Chen H, et al. (1999) Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 69:727.
127. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, et al. (2000) Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 15:1113.
128. Hannan MT, Tucker KL, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. (2000) Effect of dietary protein on bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 15:2504.
129. Huang Z, Himes JH and McGovern PG (1996) Nutrition and subsequent hip fracture risk among a national cohort of white women. Am J Epidemiol 144:124.
130. Schurch MA, Rizzoli R, Slosman D, et al. (1998) Protein supplements increase serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels and attenuate proximal femur bone loss in patients with recent hip fracture. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 128:801.
131. Delmi M, Rapin CH, Bengoa JM, et al. (1990) Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of the femur. Lancet 335:1013.
132. Tkatch L, Rapin CH, Rizzoli R, et al. (1992) Benefits of oral protein supplementation in elderly patients with fracture of the proximal femur. J Am Coll Nutr 11:519.
133. Soyka LA, Misra M, Frenchman A, et al. (2002) Abnormal bone mineral accrual in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4177.
134. Obermayer-Pietsch BM, Bonelli CM, Walter DE, et al. (2004) Genetic predisposition for adult lactose intolerance and relation to diet, bone density, and bone fractures. J Bone Miner Res 19:42.
135. Turner RT (2000) Skeletal response to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24:1693.
136. IOF (2001) Osteoporosis in the European Community: A Call to Action.
137. Kanis JA and Johnell O (2005) Requirements for DXA for the management of osteoporosis in Europe. Osteoporos Int 16:229.
138. Melton LJ, 3rd, Gabriel SE, Crowson CS, et al. (2003) Cost-equivalence of different osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int 14:383.

Risk Faktörleri

10. Kanis JA (2002) Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet 359:1929.
11. Cummings SR and Melton LJ (2002) Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 359:1761.
12. Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, et al. (2004) A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone 35:375.
66. Nguyen TV, Kelly PJ, Sambrook PN, et al. (1994) Lifestyle factors and bone density in the elderly: implications for osteoporosis prevention. J Bone Miner Res 9:1339.
67. Ward KD and Klesges RC (2001) A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int 68:259.
68. Law MR and Hackshaw AK (1997) A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect. BMJ 315:841.
69. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. (2005) Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 16:155.
71. Felson DT, Kiel DP, Anderson JJ and Kannel WB (1988) Alcohol consumption and hip fractures: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 128:1102.
74. Ensrud KE, Cauley J, Lipschutz R and Cummings SR (1997) Weight change and fractures in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med 157:857.
75. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Stone KL, et al. (2003) Intentional and unintentional weight loss increase bone loss and hip fracture risk in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:1740.
76. Farmer ME, Harris T, Madans JH, et al. (1989) Anthropometric indicators and hip fracture. The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. J Am Geriatr Soc 37:9.
77. Bainbridge KE, Sowers M, Lin X and Harlow SD (2004) Risk factors for low bone mineral density and the 6-year rate of bone loss among premenopausal and perimenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 15:439.

Risk ölçer

2. Melton LJ, 3rd, Atkinson EJ, O'Connor MK, et al. (1998) Bone density and fracture risk in men. J Bone Miner Res 13:1915.
3. Melton LJ, 3rd, Chrischilles EA, Cooper C, et al. (1992) Perspective. How many women have osteoporosis? J Bone Miner Res 7:1005.
4. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. (2000) Long-term risk of osteoporotic fracture in Malmo. Osteoporos Int 11:669.

Kendinizi nasıl koruyabilirsiniz?

1. EFFO and NOF (1997) Who are candidates for prevention and treatment for osteoporosis? Osteoporos Int 7:1.
2. Melton LJ, 3rd, Atkinson EJ, O'Connor MK, et al. (1998) Bone density and fracture risk in men. J Bone Miner Res 13:1915.
3. Melton LJ, 3rd, Chrischilles EA, Cooper C, et al. (1992) Perspective. How many women have osteoporosis? J Bone Miner Res 7:1005.
4. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. (2000) Long-term risk of osteoporotic fracture in Malmo. Osteoporos Int 11:669.
5. Randell A, Sambrook PN, Nguyen TV, et al. (1995) Direct clinical and welfare costs of osteoporotic fractures in elderly men and women. Osteoporos Int 5:427.
6. Owen RA, Melton LJ, 3rd, Johnson KA, et al. (1982) Incidence of Colles' fracture in a North American community. Am J Public Health 72:605.

Kemik erimesi önlenebilir mi?

63. Cooper C, Cawley M, Bhalla A, et al. (1995) Childhood growth, physical activity, and peak bone mass in women. J Bone Miner Res 10:940.
64. Duppe H, Cooper C, Gardsell P and Johnell O (1997) The relationship between childhood growth, bone mass, and muscle strength in male and female adolescents. Calcif Tissue Int 60:405.
65. Cooper C, Fall C, Egger P, et al. (1997) Growth in infancy and bone mass in later life. Ann Rheum Dis 56:17.
92. Bass S, Pearce G, Bradney M, et al. (1998) Exercise before puberty may confer residual benefits in bone density in adulthood: studies in active prepubertal and retired female gymnasts. J Bone Miner Res 13:500.
93. Bass SL, Saxon L, Daly RM, et al. (2002) The effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and postpubertal girls: a study in tennis players. J Bone Miner Res 17:2274.
94. Kannus P, Haapasalo H, Sankelo M, et al. (1995) Effect of starting age of physical activity on bone mass in the dominant arm of tennis and squash players. Ann Intern Med 123:27.
95. Khan K, McKay HA, Haapasalo H, et al. (2000) Does childhood and adolescence provide a unique opportunity for exercise to strengthen the skeleton? J Sci Med Sport 3:150.
96. Janz KF, Burns TL, Levy SM, et al. (2004) Everyday activity predicts bone geometry in children: the iowa bone development study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:1124.

Teşhis ve tedavi yöntemleri

84. Delmas PD, Rizzoli R, Cooper C and Reginster JY (2005) Treatment of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis is worthwhile. The position of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 16:1.
91. McCombs JS, Thiebaud P, McLaughlin-Miley C and Shi J (2004) Compliance with drug therapies for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Maturitas 48:271.

Kemikleri güçlendirme yolları

63. Cooper C, Cawley M, Bhalla A, et al. (1995) Childhood growth, physical activity, and peak bone mass in women. J Bone Miner Res 10:940.
64. Duppe H, Cooper C, Gardsell P and Johnell O (1997) The relationship between childhood growth, bone mass, and muscle strength in male and female adolescents. Calcif Tissue Int 60:405.
65. Cooper C, Fall C, Egger P, et al. (1997) Growth in infancy and bone mass in later life. Ann Rheum Dis 56:17.
92. Bass S, Pearce G, Bradney M, et al. (1998) Exercise before puberty may confer residual benefits in bone density in adulthood: studies in active prepubertal and retired female gymnasts. J Bone Miner Res 13:500.
93. Bass SL, Saxon L, Daly RM, et al. (2002) The effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and postpubertal girls: a study in tennis players. J Bone Miner Res 17:2274.
94. Kannus P, Haapasalo H, Sankelo M, et al. (1995) Effect of starting age of physical activity on bone mass in the dominant arm of tennis and squash players. Ann Intern Med 123:27.
95. Khan K, McKay HA, Haapasalo H, et al. (2000) Does childhood and adolescence provide a unique opportunity for exercise to strengthen the skeleton? J Sci Med Sport 3:150.
96. Janz KF, Burns TL, Levy SM, et al. (2004) Everyday activity predicts bone geometry in children: the iowa bone development study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:1124.

Beslenme Önerileri

117. Bonjour JP, Carrie AL, Ferrari S, et al. (1997) Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Invest 99:1287.
118. Cadogan J, Eastell R, Jones N and Barker ME (1997) Milk intake and bone mineral acquisition in adolescent girls: randomised, controlled intervention trial. Bmj 315:1255.
119. Johnston CC, Jr., Miller JZ, Slemenda CW, et al. (1992) Calcium supplementation and increases in bone mineral density in children. N Engl J Med 327:82.
121. Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, et al. (2002) Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 23:552.
122. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al. (1992) Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med 327:1637.
123. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, et al. (2002) Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int 13:257.
124. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA and Dallal GE (1997) Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 337:670.

Kalsiyum zengini gıdalar

1. Food Standards Agency (2002) McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, Sixth Summary Edition. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
2. Food Standards Agency (2002), Food Portion Sizes.